20 votes

The overwhelmingly White image of beer culture erases a much longer, far-reaching narrative of Black brewing

17 comments

  1. [8]
    kilroy
    Link
    I liked the article from a historical standpoint, but I disliked the almost antagonistic tone it takes in places. There appears to be no systematic anti-black brewer movement trying to "keep the...

    I liked the article from a historical standpoint, but I disliked the almost antagonistic tone it takes in places. There appears to be no systematic anti-black brewer movement trying to "keep the ale pale," so to speak, so why set the tone as if there were?

    17 votes
    1. [7]
      cfabbro
      (edited )
      Link Parent
      There may not necessarily be a specific "movement" to exclude black brewers these days, but there are absolutely still undeniable systemic racism and inequality issues in the US (and elsewhere)...

      There may not necessarily be a specific "movement" to exclude black brewers these days, but there are absolutely still undeniable systemic racism and inequality issues in the US (and elsewhere) that has lead to fewer minority owned businesses, especially in industries with higher upfront costs and tighter legal restrictions/regulations (like brewing).

      And not so long ago, I bet you absolutely will be able to find evidence of an "anti-black brewer movement" in the US, in same way there was anti-black movements for most things. And the lingering effects of those campaigns of hate didn't just magically disappear after the Civil Rights Act was passed.

      See: Phil Vischer's excellent Race in America video for a concise summary of the history of systemic racism in America, and its still lingering effects.

      See also, one of the above's sources: US Congress - Joint Economic Committee - The Economic State of Black America 2020

      • The Black unemployment rate remains twice as high as the White unemployment rate (6.0 percent vs 3.1 percent in January 2020).
      • The median net worth for White families is nearly 10 times greater than for Black families.
      • Black households earned just 59 cents for every dollar White households earned in 2018.
      • Fewer than half of Black families own their home compared to nearly three-fourths of White families.

      So why the "antagonistic tone"? I would say it's perfectly justified given all the above, and if anything I'm surprised it wasn't moreso.

      10 votes
      1. [2]
        kilroy
        Link Parent
        I agreed about the broad reaching systemic issues in another reply, but I think equally there is not as much interest. If you look where craft brewing started in the US it seems to be rural and in...

        I agreed about the broad reaching systemic issues in another reply, but I think equally there is not as much interest. If you look where craft brewing started in the US it seems to be rural and in the West, which is overwhelmingly white.

        Phrasing the article as taking something back as opposed to revitalizing makes it seem like brewers stole something which they didn't.

        4 votes
        1. cfabbro
          (edited )
          Link Parent
          And why do you think there isn't as much interest (or ability to pursue said interest)? The article specifically talks about that, at length. And it also goes over the long and rather complicated...

          And why do you think there isn't as much interest (or ability to pursue said interest)? The article specifically talks about that, at length. And it also goes over the long and rather complicated history the black community in America has had with alcohol consumption, alcohol crafting, and the perception of those activities (both internally and externally), due to the effects of slavery, Jim Crow, discrimination in the brewing industry, systemic racism, and the temperance/prohibition/abolitionist movements.

          And while at no point does the author seem to suggest "brewers" specifically "stole" anything from them, he does talk about what was stolen from blacks in America, which has also likely contributed to the current disparity in the industry.

          Some examples of the many things he touches on that I mentioned above:

          Beer, in other words, occupied a central role in pre-colonial West African religion and social life — and still does. From Africa to Colonial America to The Birth of a Nation, Black folk were no strangers to beer. But something had to happen to explain where we’re at now: a largely monochrome craft brew economy, macrobreweries that have historically neglected to market their core products to a Black demographic, and — in the instances when beer is around in Black homes — a fridge full of Heineken.

          To understand why, it helps to begin in Africa: The more you learn about the role beer played there, and the practices and social norms around it, the easier it becomes to draw parallels to the lived experience of Black America.

          “The ancestors of African Americans, they were fermenters. They were really good at making their own liquor and making their own beers and also making wine from fruit,” says the culinary historian and writer Michael W. Twitty. “One of our Africanisms, in fact, was producing all these things, and one of the reasons why we did that was because it was related to our traditional spirituality.”

          Libation, Twitty adds, “is the heart of African spiritual worship.” He recounts seeing this firsthand on a trip to a Tikar village in Cameroon. “They pull out a big ceramic vessel full of their traditional beer,” he says. “And even though a lot of Tikar are Muslim, this is one of the traditional religious practices they kept alongside Islam.” While beer drinking may be nonexistent on Friday, Twitty notes, you better believe that at social functions to honor youth, celebrate a marriage, or put the deceased in the ground, alcohol is poured out and passed among the elders.

          “We know that enslaved Africans and African Caribbeans were brewing beer or were cultivating hops or other grains that would have been used in the brewing process,” says Theresa McCulla of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History. Black brewing skill was no secret, she adds. Advertisements for enslaved people who were skilled brewers? Absolutely. Wanted posters that identified fugitives as skilled brewers or otherwise involved in the brewing industry? As American as apple pie. Peter Hemings, enslaved at Monticello, was a master brewer.

          I’m loath to call this knowledge “revelatory,” yet I’m having a hard time thinking of a more fitting word. Erasure is deliberate. Black folks’ labor and participation in the production of a craft product should be tied to that product itself. It’s a bizarre occurrence, really, that a niche economy obsessed with craft conveniently ignores the forced, unpaid labor that made those goods. Beer hardly stands alone in this conversation — think of the aesthetic and consumer culture surrounding barbecue or whiskey. Or, as Lauren Michele Jackson puts it, the “character of craft culture, a special blend of bohemianism and capitalism, is not merely overwhelmingly white — a function of who generally has the wealth to start those microbreweries and old-school butcher shops, and to patronize them — it consistently engages in the erasure or exploitation of people of color whose intellectual and manual labor are often the foundation of the practices that transform so many of these small pleasures into something artful.”

          “Black people’s attitude toward alcohol in the 1800s was not ideological. It was strictly pragmatic,” Thompson says. Black America wasn’t anti-drink, we just stuck with what we knew. Alcohol only came around at Christmas? Cool. The only non-Blacks that are friendly to us are these Northern folks that say alcohol is bad? Got it. And then there are the implications of emancipation and the Thirteenth Amendment, too.

          “The last thing [Black people] were were drunkards under slavery,” Thompson explains. “So when they get free it’s not like, ‘Oh, now we’re free to drink.’” At the top of the agenda were things like getting an education or a job or legally married, property ownership, and generally not being treated like garbage in a society where “all men are created equal.” Throw poverty in the mix? It’s counterintuitive to keep booze around when there are groceries to be had. Still, that doesn’t come close to explaining how beer culture grew in America among different ethnic enclaves. The chronicles of immigration are tightly woven into the country’s fabric, and of course they have something to say about the history of brew here.

          For much of American history, beer and cider were produced in small batches for consumption at home, but as the 19th century chugged along, so did German immigration. Those immigrants both populated the beer trade and brought with them a bonafide beer culture that dramatically changed the way beer was made and consumed. Professional breweries were set up, and brewing became an increasingly profitable business with its own insular social and financial networks. “And so African Americans began to be shut out of the process of employment and breweries,” says the Smithsonian’s McCulla, “whether that was by the brewers themselves or eventually by unions who, because of discriminatory practices, would not hire African Americans into unions.” All to say: if you were a Black brewer trying to find work in the latter 1800s, good luck.

          And yet despite all the historical context and nuanced arguments the author provides on this subject in this rather lengthy article... your issues with it, as far as I can tell, seem to mostly stem from just the headline.

          6 votes
      2. [4]
        RusticGiraffe
        Link Parent
        Instead of betting on it why don't you link us to it directly. I'm dying to read more about this.

        And not so long ago, I bet you absolutely will be able to find evidence of an "anti-black brewer movement" in the US, in same way there was anti-black movements for most things.

        Instead of betting on it why don't you link us to it directly. I'm dying to read more about this.

        3 votes
        1. [3]
          cfabbro
          (edited )
          Link Parent
          Do you really find it so hard to believe black business owners and businesses, breweries/bars included, would have been targeted? While not specifically brewery-related, the Black Wall Street...
          • Exemplary

          Do you really find it so hard to believe black business owners and businesses, breweries/bars included, would have been targeted? While not specifically brewery-related, the Black Wall Street Massacre wasn't exactly an isolated incident.

          But if you want to read more about the racist origin, ties, and goals of the temperance/prohibition movement and the race riots associated with it, I would suggest checking out Christine Sismondo. She is a historian/author/podcaster that specializes in the history of spirits, bars, and associated topics, and also wrote a few articles about this subject for Macleans a while back:

          History of prohibition, white terrorism and discriminatory policing in America
          Part 1 - What Prohibition teaches us about race relations in the U.S.

          Part 2 - How the Anti-Saloon League, responsible for Prohibition, shaped modern racist policing

          And here's a relevant quote from the first article:

          Much of the [Anti-Saloon League]'s propaganda leveraged anti-black racism, anti-Semitism and anti-immigrant sentiment with stories and images that painted various “others” as debauched, immoral and a threat to wholesome white families wrapped in the flag. As renowned lawyer Clarence Darrow famously said in 1924: “I would not say every Anti-Saloon Leaguer is a Ku Kluxer, but every Ku Kluxer is an Anti-Saloon Leaguer.”

          One pivotal moment that forged this powerful alliance between the KKK and the ASL was the Atlanta Race Riots of 1906, a three-day massacre that saw white mobs terrorize the city’s black residents. At least 25 black men and women were killed, but likely more. The riot was sparked by “yellow journalism“, which is what they called deliberate and incendiary disinformation back in the day. In this case, two rival newspapers peddling fake news stories about four white women raped by black men. The papers had linked the alleged (and wholly unsubstantiated) rapes to some black-owned saloons on Decatur Street, which, after the news got out, were targeted by white mobs.

          The bars were an easy target, since Atlanta’s white residents were increasingly anxious about a rising black middle class that was gaining financial independence through entrepreneurship. Bars were a part of that. In addition, ideas about black men being unable to control themselves under the influence of alcohol had been peddled as part of the racist discourse.

          Prior to 1906, Prohibition didn’t have a lot of traction in the south, and not a single state had voted itself dry. Most support for Prohibition was found in predominantly rural areas of the Midwest and Northeast, where the ASL had successfully leveraged anti-immigrant feelings to convince people that saloons where southern and eastern Europeans gathered needed to be shuttered.

          The Atlanta massacre, where white mobs attacked African-Americans for two days in September in 1906, changed that. Even though it was white men who had perpetrated the violence, somehow the takeaway was that alcohol in black communities was the root of the problem. Five southern states went dry between 1907 and 1909—Oklahoma, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina and Tennessee. The laws gained support because they accomplished three things—shuttering some black-owned businesses, closing community gathering places and providing a pretext for harassing black men. These were Jim Crow laws. And they were important pieces of the puzzle in the lead-up to making the sale and manufacture of alcohol illegal nationwide by constitutional amendment, a law that came into effect in January 1920, just over 100 years ago.

          8 votes
          1. Good_Apollo
            Link Parent
            Yeah it’s pretty cut and dry why things are they way they are now. These issues are so deep rooted that it’s ridiculous to not believe there’s undercurrent of it alive today, as unconscious bias...

            Yeah it’s pretty cut and dry why things are they way they are now. These issues are so deep rooted that it’s ridiculous to not believe there’s undercurrent of it alive today, as unconscious bias or otherwise.

            2 votes
          2. RusticGiraffe
            Link Parent
            I don't see anything here about violence against black brewers.

            I don't see anything here about violence against black brewers.

            2 votes
  2. boredop
    Link
    A colleague of mine wrote this. He lays out some history I was totally unaware of, and also mentions a couple of new (local to me) breweries to try.

    A colleague of mine wrote this. He lays out some history I was totally unaware of, and also mentions a couple of new (local to me) breweries to try.

    8 votes
  3. [8]
    Good_Apollo
    Link
    I’ve long tired of the just total whiteness of many of my local breweries, from the owners to the patrons. This is a good read.

    I’ve long tired of the just total whiteness of many of my local breweries, from the owners to the patrons. This is a good read.

    6 votes
    1. [8]
      Comment deleted by author
      Link Parent
      1. [2]
        cfabbro
        (edited )
        Link Parent
        I kinda hate when stats like that get thrown out there whenever topics like this are brought up since they feel rather dismissive of the overarching issue, which is disproportionality and...

        I kinda hate when stats like that get thrown out there whenever topics like this are brought up since they feel rather dismissive of the overarching issue, which is disproportionality and underrepresentation in certain industries (and at large, when it comes to employment and business ownership).

        E.g. As of Feb 2021, only 3 out of 484 breweries in New York State are black-owned, as are <1% of all breweries Nationwide. And blacks also only account for <2% of brewery job positions nationwide, despite making up 13.4% (as of 2019) of the US population.

        Sources:
        https://www.nbcnewyork.com/black-history-month/brooklyn-brewers-work-to-foment-craft-beer-diversity/2865868/
        https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219

        So while even if things were perfectly proportional in the US, you're correct that the majority of businesses would be white-owned and operated, that misses the point entirely... which is that things are currently far from proportional and there are systemic reasons for that (see my comment above).

        10 votes
        1. [2]
          Comment deleted by author
          Link Parent
          1. cfabbro
            (edited )
            Link Parent
            When it comes to the racial disparity seen in the brewing industry I'm sure that there are multiple other factors at play that don't necessarily involve systemic racism, such as those you...

            When it comes to the racial disparity seen in the brewing industry I'm sure that there are multiple other factors at play that don't necessarily involve systemic racism, such as those you mentioned... although arguably some of those still are affected by that, since luxuries and hobbies take free time and $, which poorer people have less of. However, when the same disparities in employment and business ownership statistics are seen playing out similarly across the majority of industries, I don't think you can really play the "what if it's really because X,Y,Z cultural reason" game for long, at least not with a straight face.

            IMO regardless of any mitigating cultural factors, the primary reason for the overarching inequality and employment/ownership disparities we still see are largely the underlying, systemic, historical, and deeply rooted racism-related ones. See again: The Phil Vischer video on Race in America that I linked, which covered a lot of this stuff better than I ever could.

            5 votes
      2. Good_Apollo
        Link Parent
        Yeah I get that, but I live in a pretty heavily non-white area.

        Yeah I get that, but I live in a pretty heavily non-white area.

        9 votes
      3. [4]
        gpl
        Link Parent
        Well, people’s expectations are informed by their locale, so your statement would be true if the population was distributed uniformly but it’s not. I think it makes sense to point out when certain...

        Well, people’s expectations are informed by their locale, so your statement would be true if the population was distributed uniformly but it’s not. I think it makes sense to point out when certain industries are dominated by one demographic or another.

        5 votes
        1. [3]
          kilroy
          Link Parent
          Why does it make sense to point out that an industry is dominated by one demographic if there is no push to exclude others?

          Why does it make sense to point out that an industry is dominated by one demographic if there is no push to exclude others?

          1 vote
          1. [2]
            gpl
            Link Parent
            I guess by "point out" I more mean make note of, as @Good_Apollo was doing in the comment that spawned this chain. Even if there are no active efforts to exclude, I think more diversity is good in...

            I guess by "point out" I more mean make note of, as @Good_Apollo was doing in the comment that spawned this chain. Even if there are no active efforts to exclude, I think more diversity is good in areas like this. A probably terrible analogy I just thought of is that it is similar to if someone said "I've gotten tired of superhero movies", and someone else responded with "Three quarters of the country like superhero movies, so you're going to continue seeing them". Sure, there's no active effort to suppress non-superhero movies, but the lack of diversity is still worth noting! I'm operating on very little sleep atm so I have a feeling I am going to wake up and think wtf was I trying to say with that analogy.

            In any case, my overall point was that the overall demographics of the country matter less in conversations about your local establishments, like breweries, than do the local demographics. If you live in a heavily non-white area, and all of your local breweries are owned and frequented by white people, I think it's worth saying hey, why is this? Are there truly no black brewers wanting to open their own, or are there extra difficulties in place making it harder for them? I know the latter can certainly happen where I am from, Chicago, which has a very racist history with giving (or rather, not giving) bank loans to Black business people so that they can open up businesses. It's the same reason redlining and racist homeowners loans have resulted in less generational wealth among Black people in the city as well. I would not be shocked to see similar practices elsewhere which fly under the radar.

            6 votes
            1. kilroy
              Link Parent
              Well at least I'm not the only one tired of superhero movies :p Thank you for elaborating a bit more. I think I understand what you're saying now, and I agree that there are underlying problems...

              Well at least I'm not the only one tired of superhero movies :p

              Thank you for elaborating a bit more. I think I understand what you're saying now, and I agree that there are underlying problems which affect people being able to open a business, whether a brewery or otherwise.

              I wonder if there is much home brew interest outside of white America? Most people start off home brewing, and then maybe start selling to a local bar they frequent. Eventually they buy more equipment and maybe open a brewery. So much of that success is relying on a craft beer community to support you until you get on your feet. All of that seemed to develop in the 70s to 90s, with much taking place in smaller rural towns in Western America, which seem to be mostly white. It could be the community support combined with cheaper facilities in smaller towns allowed it to get started. I know in Colorado that many of the more popular breweries are in college or mountain towns. It kind of became part of the culture within climbing and outdoor groups, as well, in the last few decades, which also seem to be largely white in the US.

              As for white brewers opening in non-white areas, maybe they don't see as much economic risk in opening a brewery because they know they can rely on a smaller subsection of the local community as customers. In non-white communities it may be seen as more of a risk, because interest/support may not be there.

              3 votes