What is this?

As someone distinctly outside of the field of programming, with no formal education in the Computer Sciences, I am currently in the process of putting myself through a crash education. I have found the internet is full of helpful guides in some departments (general language syntax, algorithms), while not nearly as easily accessible in other departments (compiler theory/operation, debugging).

I recently picked up C# on some tilderino's suggestion (months ago, can't remember who it was, thank you if you see this!), and while the Microsoft Documentation is useful when you have a basic understanding of the topic at hand, I found that buying C# 7.0 in a Nutshell put it all together for me, whereas I was struggling with the official resources.

Since we have quite the concentration of CS and IT related professionals and enthusiasts here, I guess what I'm looking for here are suggestions on books (physical or otherwise), resources, courses, blogs, or even material from your own CS courses or anything else helpful in putting together the bigger picture beyond learning the syntax and solving problems on Project Euler. Anything helpful beyond another "Hello World!" guide really, especially in the realms of debugging best practices, CLI usage (Windows if possible).

The general topics I'm thinking of are:

1. Programming Theory/Paradigms
2. Algorithms
3. Debugging & Optimization
4. Compiler Function/Theory
5. Architecture
6. Command-line Interfaces
7. Unlisted Topics (Such as GitHub/Lab Use)

I've recently started taking some IT and programming classes at a local college because I've always been interested in IT as a career but I've never had any sort of professional experience in the field. Are there any skills that I need to definitely know, or any sort of certifications that I can get in order to get my foot in the door and start applying for IT focused jobs?