I have a massive gripe with reductive "politicization" of mental health
Before we start, no, I don't mean "bring politics into" mental health. Politics obviously covers mental health issues, practices, and institutions. However, I've come to realize a certain approach to mental health has taken root in discussions around mental health. This approach is based on the criticism of mental health from an ideological point. It centers on the idea that mental health is treated only as a chemical imbalance in the brain, and that sociopolitical conditions aren't considered. One of the most prominently figures cited for this is Mark Fisher.
“The current ruling ontology denies any possibility of a social causation of mental illness. The chemico-biologization of mental illness is of course strictly commensurate with its depoliticization. Considering mental illness an individual chemico-biological problem has enormous benefits for capitalism. First, it reinforces Capital’s drive towards atomistic individualization (you are sick because of your brain chemistry). Second, it provides an enormously lucrative market in which multinational pharmaceutical companies can peddle their pharmaceuticals (we can cure you with our SSRIs). It goes without saying that all mental illnesses are neurologically instantiated, but this says nothing about their causation. If it is true, for instance, that depression is constituted by low serotonin levels, what still needs to be explained is why particular individuals have low levels of serotonin. This requires a social and political explanation; and the task of repoliticizing mental illness is an urgent one if the left wants to challenge capitalist realism.”
― Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?, 2009
This, I think, is true to a degree. Denying the mental or physical results of certain policies benefits the rich. However, this criticism, whether intended by Fisher or not, is often used to reduce psychiatry and psychotherapy to mere, atomized, asocial, apolitical practices.
First of all, this hasn't been true in my case. Sure, I have my criticisms of the procedure and the practitioners, but I've talked about a variety of sociopolitical issues in therapy. I mean, how can you not talk about these issues? There are obviously social patterns in a population, and if they're not bad practitioners, the psychiatrists pick up on them. This doesn't mean that I talked about political theory in my therapy, but among numerous topics, I talked about things like the male gender role, the attached aggression and violence, the effects of emotional repression as a result of traditional roles. I know people who extensively talked in therapy about gender roles, queerphobia, and the associated problems.
Therapy helped me on political issues too. I used to be much more repressed, unable to express my disapproval, unable to handle any conflict. But with the help of psychiatry, I started expressing my opinions, including my disapproval, more and more. This included standing up for myself, and while there are many power structures I can't overcome as an individual, this change helped me better stand up for myself against people who have power over me. It also helps me feel not as much like a piece of shit when I can't, because learning to face my emotions helps me realize I have limits.
But, according to the Fisherian argument I've seen repeated countless times, this isn't what psychiatry does. It just treats you like an asocial animal, which is not true at all. If anything, psychiatry emphasizes, again and again, that humans are social animals, therefore, have social needs, and that not meeting those needs will lead to mental problems. Seriously. Search "humans are social creatures psychiatry" on whatever search engine you use and also on Google Scholar. You'll find, page after page, pop article and scientific article, talking about the importance of this.
The second thing I want to mention is that links between inequality and mental health are an important area of research. You can search for keywords like "socioeconomic status mental health" and "inequality mental health" on Google Scholar to see many articles written about this. You can alternatively replace "socioeconomic status" with "SES" and "mental health" with "mental illness" or a mental disorder of your choosing.
To add further support to my argument, let's look at the textbook "Psychology, Global Edition, 5th Edition" of Pearson, which is a very widely known publisher. It has an entire chapter dedicated to social psychology (Chapter 12). The chapter about psychological disorders, Chapter 14, has the following listed as one of its learning objectives (emphasis mine): "Compare and contrast behavioral, social cognitive, and biological explanations for depression and other disorders of mood."
Let's also look at WHO's mental disorders page (emphasis mine).
"At any one time, a diverse set of individual, family, community, and structural factors may combine to protect or undermine mental health. Although most people are resilient, people who are exposed to adverse circumstances – including poverty, violence, disability, and inequality – are at higher risk. Protective and risk factors include individual psychological and biological factors, such as emotional skills as well as genetics. Many of the risk and protective factors are influenced through changes in brain structure and/or function."
I think one of the other negative things about this argument is that, it denies the possibility that some people face mental illness not mainly as a result of social issues, but as a result of some biological unluck. I haven't checked it out specifically, but I think mental illnesses aren't necessarily mainly a result of social conditions or trauma. I can't claim this with certainty, but neither can the opposing side. However, my approach leaves a possibility open for people who may be experiencing exactly this. Therefore, without knowing, it doesn't claim that certain experiences can't exist.
Before I finish, I want to say that I don't deny the existence of bad practice. I've heard many stories of bad psychiatrists, and even if I hadn't, it would be unrealistic to think they wouldn't have such a problem, considering the problems in education and funding. However, my point is, it's not realistic to say psychiatry overlooks the social reasons for mental illnesses. There may be problems, but in no way they are a shared, distinctive feature of the field.
And last of all, this may be harsh but I think it needs saying, Mark Fisher fell victim to suicide. He's not exactly an epitome of healthy coping mechanisms, and his criticisms about mental health should be evaluated with that in mind. I often think intellectualization tends to come in the way of mental health for, well, intellectual people.
Edit: The last paragraph was poorly explained. I further elaborated here.
I think your ending paragraph is massively unfair and unnecessary.
It reads to me like you're saying that we should read his work with more skepticism than usual, because he had a medical condition. Whether his line of thinking is correct or not, I don't see how personal experience with what he's talking about should make him a less reliable writer/thinker.
I thought it was necessary, but I explained it poorly. If I elaborate, I do think Fisher makes many good points. I quite liked and still like Capitalist Realism. However, I do think his remarks about mental health should be taken with a grain of salt, because these are often not the thoughts of someone who was able to cope well with the mental problems he had.
In no way I'm trying to say that said illness(es) were Fisher's fault. Also I'm not trying to say that he said nothing of use. But when you're in depression or suffering from an illness, too easily you see hopelessness and darkness in the world. Even if you are right about particular kinds of darkness, you tend to overfocus on them. You also come up with reasons for why therapy wouldn't work, or that psychiatrists don't know what they're doing, and that it's an utterly hopeless endeavor to trust psychiatry. Fisher's writings and the way his life ended suggest to me that he was thinking in similar ways.
For example, he has an essay titled Anti-Therapy (can be read in K-punk: The Collected and Unpublished Writings of Mark Fisher). In this essay, he criticizes therapy immensely, and creates an argument that defends that therapy as it is was created as a result of lack of class politics, and that this (in his view) individualized approach is immensely limited.
He further adds the passage below, among numerous things.
The passage above, especially the part I emphasized, reads me to me like thoughts of someone in depression. This hopelessness and the overgeneralization are characteristics of that way of thinking. Therefore, it's a good example of what I was trying to say.
In his conclusion, there is also this part.
A good example of him immensely downplaying therapy, feeding into depressive ways of thinking.
Another passage that downplays therapy, and effectively feeds into feelings of helplessness. Also another shot at the atomized approach, which I criticized as being overgeneralized and overemphasized in my original post. These, I think, are also another demonstration of how his thinking hurts rather than helps people who are already struggling with learned helplessness.
However, the following passage doesn't sound overly pessimistic to me, at least at first look.
This suggestion, by itself, is sound. Inequal policies do result in immense stress on individuals, and they should be dealt with if we want a more mentally healthy population. However, based on the overall tone of the essay and his other writings where he talked about psychiatry and therapy, I think he dangerously underplays the effectiveness of therapy. He also misrepresents psychiatry and therapy as "just biochemical imbalances" or "atomized approaches to the individual", which are false.
There's a very real danger in using Fisher's arguments regarding psychiatry and therapy. You can easily end up arguing that they don't work, or that they're a sham, and as a result use these reasons to not give it a chance, a solid chance. If his arguments are to be engaged, I think it should be done cautiously and while keeping in mind the broader context of his life. Too often I've seen them used to wave away or underplay therapy. But, however blunt it may be, look at where this way of thinking came from, and what it resulted in for its creator. One should try hard to separate the legitimate critique from the learned helplessness of a bright but mentally unwell individual, otherwise, they may end up following the same unhealthy ways of thinking.
I'm not sure I follow. When I saw a psychiatrist, she literally was just there to give me drugs to treat my symptoms of what society has deemed, according to the DSM, a mental illness. She didn't care why I had those symptoms, she told me that's what I talk to my therapist about, and that she was just there to give me drugs to alter my brain enough so I don't have symptoms or that the symptoms are lessened.
My psychiatrist also does an hour of psychotherapy with the med check.
He's a strong proponent of doing them both together, because otherwise things fall through the cracks.
I feel like if she was overlooking the psycho-social stuff she would have said that talking therapy is pointless and told you not to bother with it. She was working within her competencies, with a multidisciplinary team.
I wouldn't expect my psychiatrist to help me with housing, but I'm not sure that's the same as overlooking it.
In my case, the psychiatrists I saw were also therapists themselves. I'm not sure which option is the better way of doing it, but I think if a mental health center combines both therapy and medicine, with different but coordinated professionals, it should also work.
American Psychological association lists various conditions where combining therapy and medicine are shown to be more effective. But it doesn't say that they have to be handled by the same professional to be effective.
I think there are arguments even for separate centers. I have ADHD and my psychiatrist mostly focuses on prescribing ADHD medication. His practice specializes in that, and he's good at his job. But he'd be pretty useless at talk therapy about being trans and even at practical things relating to applying for medical treatments as a trans person, which is a huge part of what I currently see my current therapist for. And even if he could specialize in everything, my psychiatrist's office is CRAZY overbooked. Performing talk therapy for all patients in addition to psychiatric treatment would reduce their ability to give people access to the psychiatric care they need.
I don't see how it does? It merely states in your highlighted section that there is higher risk. No more, no less. It doesn't exclude other potential risk factors from the picture, nor does it say anything about the distribution of risk.
Some of the people pushing this point are very clear that mental illness does not exist. In the UK we have the Power Threat Meaning Framework written by prominent anti-psychiatry professionals. Lucy Johnstone is clear that bipolar disorder does not exist and that it is unethical to give people lithium to treat it. She's clear that schizophrenia does not exist, and that patients do not get benefit from anti-psychotic medications. She's clear that people have problems, those problems get given a biological label, but that those problems are entirely caused by responses to trauma.
https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17326328.mental-health-conditions-schizophrenia-even-depression-myth-according-leading-experts-mind/
It's important to remember that these extremist views are held by a minority of professionals, and that most MH professionals in the UK (as opposed to academics) are strong believers in a bio-psycho-social model, and recognise the importance of robust well functioning multi disciplinary teams to address a range of factors that affect people's lives.
EDIT: there's a calm and measured response to PTMF here: https://www.nationalelfservice.net/mental-health/power-threat-meaning-framework-innovative-and-important-ptmframework/
I think people who do not want to take psychiatric drugs, which are not without their risks and side effects, should be free to use a framework like the PTMF. PTMF does not box people into DSM labels, some of which are highly stigmatized like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, which can be distressing to people and make their mental health even worse.
It is possible for a person to work with the symptoms that create the DSM labels schizophrenia and bipolar disorder without psychiatric medication and the need to deem a person as having a lifelong "incurable mental illness." For example, Eleanor Longden who successfully manages the voices in her head and has gone on to earn a master's in psychology and do TED talks on mental health.
At the same time, if someone finds their psychiatric medication beneficial to them, they are free to take it. I just understand the creators of PTMF concerns about the current state of an overly-heavy reliance on just psychiatric medications while ignoring emotional and social impacts to a person's mental health.
No, you don't. The PTMF authors think you are irresponsible and unethical because you've said that some people may get benefit from psychiatric meds and should be able to continue taking them.
That sounds like massive exaggeration and disingenuous. Here is an excerpt from Lucy Johnstone herself about the PTMF from this article where she explicitly states psychiatric drugs can be used:
For anyone interested in learning more, the British Psychological Society has a lot of information and documents about PTMF.
I've spent the past 5 years talking to these people, both on and off line, and their position is crystal clear.
This is the quality of research being used to promote PTMF: https://retractionwatch.com/2022/10/20/what-happened-when-a-psychology-professor-used-a-peer-reviewed-paper-to-praise-his-own-blog-and-slam-others/
They say in the PTMF that psych meds can be used, but with informed consent. You need to understand what they mean by "Informed" - they've said that we need to tell patients that meds do not work and that meds cause harm. If you tell someone that eg bipolar doesn't exist, that lithium does not work and that lithium causes harm is your aim to support that person to take the meds or is your aim to prevent that person from taking the meds?
They don't want doctors to diagnose bipolar because that would mean medication for bipolar becomes available. Without the dx medication is not available, because this is how licencing works.
Also from the PTMF
This last point, about people with LD is telling. We have the programme STOMP (Stop Over Medicating People with Learning Disability). It's right to mention this, LeDeR reviews tell us that over-medicalisation in this group causes severe harm. But that programme is joined with STAMP (Supporting Treatment and Appropriate Medication in Paediatrics). Why mention the programme that seeks to reduce medication but not the one that seeks to increase appropriate medication?
These people are all active on social media, go ask Moncreiff, Bentall, Double, Kinderman, Johnson etc about their views.
I don't disagree with basically anything quoted. I am not going to be convinced to revoke my support of PTMF, because it likely was a major turning point that allowed me to care about myself again and appreciate life.
We likely have a massive disagreement on this and I am not going to back down from being grateful that the PTMF exists, because I helped me feel immensely better knowing it existed at a time when I was mentally at my worst. Because I have been personally affected by a careless psychiatric system in the United States. I was not given informed consent about psychiatric medications a psychiatrist at an inpatient clinic I was stuck in for a week coerced me to take, even though I did not want to take psychiatric drugs. He did not inform me of the side effects of the drug he wanted me to take, the side effects of the medication were very much brushed off. I was not even offered a chance to allow myself to heal my emotional problems without psychiatric medications. After I was released from the intake, I felt even worse than when I was admitted. I felt absolutely violated. I actually gained more trauma from the careless dismissive treatment I experienced in the psychiatric hospital, and I now have to work with a trauma therapist to work through the trauma that landed me in the psychiatric hospital in addition to the trauma I developed because of having to stay in a psychiatric hospital for a week. It has been over a year and I still have nightmares about the psychiatric hospital. I had to take a break from reading comments in my "The Lame Racehorse" post because someone recommended checking into a mental health inpatient facility which I guess, somewhat embarrassingly, "triggered" me into breaking down crying due to a flood of memories about what I had experienced at the psychiatric hospital and the months of severe depression that followed.
I felt even more suicidal after my stay at an inpatient psychiatry wing of a hospital than before when I initially was placed there. I felt subhuman. I felt like a disease label. Finding out about PMTF was like having someone look right at me with genuine care in their eyes and say "you went through a lot, what you went through was difficult, it's going to be okay, you're still a whole human being," instead of the dismissive "you're a sick and broken person, a disgusting mental leper" attitude modern psychiatry coldly gave me while throwing a psychiatric drug prescription at my face.
I have never mentioned this on my "main" social media account because I have felt so hurt and ashamed and violated and embarrassed and scared about what happened to me and how modern psychiatry treated me. And I know that people still stigmatize those who struggle with mental health issues and sometimes treat us like we "don't know better." But I guess I am going to be brave enough to say this surface-level version of what happened to me now, for this post, because I suppose I cannot stand to see someone dragging something that made me feel human again through the mud.
I am immensely grateful that PTMF exists. If you don't like it, don't use it. It's not like it's some extremely popular framework that's being pushed through the medical field at record speeds. PTMF could greatly reduce profits for the psychiatric/pharmaceutical industry, so it's not going to be popular in profit-driven capitalist countries, especially the United States. People should be free to find alternative ways to treat their mental health that resonate with them and help them heal like PTMF did with me.