General Programming Q&A thread! Ask any questions about programming, answer the questions of other users, or post suggestions for future threads.

Don't forget to format your code using the triple backticks or tildes:

Here is my schema:

```sql
CREATE TABLE article_to_warehouse (
  article_id   INTEGER
, warehouse_id INTEGER
)
;
```

How do I add a `UNIQUE` constraint?

Today's problem description: https://adventofcode.com/2023/day/4

Please post your solutions in your own top-level comment. Here's a template you can copy-paste into your comment to format it nicely, with the code collapsed by default inside an expandable section with syntax highlighting (you can replace python with any of the "short names" listed in this page of supported languages):

<details>
<summary>Part 1</summary>

```python
Your code here.
```

</details>

In the comments of the previous AoC post @first-must-run asked if there is a private leaderboard for Tildes, and I didn't manage to find one, so I decided to share my invite code so that we can track our progress together.

Please LMK if there is already an existing leaderboard from a previous year.

The join code is 2183006-a14e4b86, you can join here.

Today's problem description: https://adventofcode.com/2023/day/3

Please post your solutions in your own top-level comment. Here's a template you can copy-paste into your comment to format it nicely, with the code collapsed by default inside an expandable section with syntax highlighting (you can replace python with any of the "short names" listed in this page of supported languages):

<details>
<summary>Part 1</summary>

```python
Your code here.
```

</details>

This is a recurring post to discuss programming or other technical projects that we've been working on. Tell us about one of your recent projects, either at work or personal projects. What's interesting about it? Are you having trouble with anything?

I recently started having an issue on my windows machine with folder permissions. The start menu folder suddenly became inaccessible to any program that tried to create a shortcut there. I worked around it by just taking ownership.

Now I'm facing a much worse problem where many operations that require admin elevation suddenly doesn't work even after a UAC prompt. This has really become a problem now that I want to install wsl on this machine. Running wsl --install just returns the wsl usage info and wsl --update throws a UAC prompt, but fails saying "The requested operation requires elevation" even while logged into the built in Administrator windows account.

Normal programs can still use admin elevation (mostly), but everything that windows prompts for behaves as if I'm a regular user despite still giving and accepting a UAC prompt. The Microsoft Store has also seemingly lost the ability to update or repair itself also so that's probably related.

I've tried all the usual stuff with /DISM, /sfc, every Microsoft troubleshooter. They found no issues. Creating a new admin account lets me create the account but then it inherits the same issues. I can't even gain admin elevation in safe mode. I'm really at a loss. I don't want to have to do a system refresh because it takes so much time to get set back up, but at this point I don't know what else to do.

Has anyone else ever encountered an issue like this? I've tried searching for this and just end up on a bunch of identical 'help' pages telling me to right click -> run as admin or the generic Microsoft employee pointing me to reinstall again.

Windows version 10.0.19045 Build 19045 in case that matters

Edit: I never did find a solid reason why this was happening. It wasn't my university Maya account. While reinstalling windows on a freshly formatted drive I kept getting errors that eventually led me to discoving my ram was going bad. Got it replaced and installed windows just fine. I have to assume the problem started because of memory errors. Thanks for the suggestions everyone.

So, last night I undertook some surgery, and replaced the motherboard and processor in my old gaming rig with a slightly upgraded combo so that I can squeak in under the minimum specs for Star Citizen. After the bootup, windows started telling me that my copy was no longer licensed.

Now, I had used the free upgrade from win 7 Pro, and as such had a win 10 pro install for the last 3 years or so. All above board. Now, the system is telling me I only have a win 10 home license showing on the system, and that I need to install home to use it.

Why would this happen, and how can I get my win 10 pro license back in good standing on the new hardware? Again, only the motherboard and processor have changed...

EDIT

I ended up purchasing a new license from StackSocial as suggested by pseudolobster below, and the issue is now resolved. Thanks to everyone for all the helpful responses!

I'm attempting to make my company's online software documentation ADA-accessible. We have several JavaScript elements that are currently not accessible to a screen reader. The one I'm working on is a set of tabs that show/hide content depending on which one you click. I am trying to use ARIA tags to make the tabs accessible. I have based my code off of this page, with some modifications. Namely, they use <a> tags as the active element and I do not want to use <a> tags.

While I'm able to get the tabs to work fine for me (a sighted person), testing with a screen reader shows mixed results. I can get the tabs to work using the Windows Narrator screen reader on Microsoft Edge in Windows 10, but not Chrome or Firefox in Windows 11. In those configurations, it is impossible to switch tabs. (I haven't tested every possible permutation, but it's probably a browser issue.) I don't know why this is happening because I have set up all my ARIA tags, and it does work on Edge.

Can anyone help me understand what I'm doing wrong so I can debug the issue and improve the code? Requirements are:

• The first tab must be selected (showing content) by default. Other tab content must be hidden by default, except the tab button to click on
• Sighted users must be able to navigate between tabs by clicking on the tab headers via mouse
• Visually impaired users must be able to navigate between tabs via keyboard/screen reader
• The presence, function, and usage of the tabs must be clear to the screen reader
• I do not want to use an <a> tag nested in the <li> as the active element because this causes the page to jump around when sighted users click on it. I would like the entire "button" (right now, the <li> tag) to be clickable.
• Must work on all/most common browsers and popular operating systems

I suspect this is a JS issue, but I'm at a loss here and I don't know how to proceed.

<ul class="tabs-list" role="tablist">
    <li class="tab current" aria-controls="example-1" aria-selected="true" href="#example-1" id="tab-example-1" role="tab">Example 1</li>
    <li class="tab" aria-controls="example-2" aria-selected="false" href="#example-2" id="tab-example-2" role="tab">Example 2</li>
    <li class="tab" aria-controls="example-3" aria-selected="false" href="#example-3" id="tab-example-3" role="tab">Example 3</li>
</ul>

<div aria-labelledby="tab-example-1" class="tab-panel current" id="example-1" role="tabpanel">
    <p>Example 1 content goes here</p>
</div>

<div aria-labelledby="tab-example-2" class="tab-panel hidden" id="example-2" role="tabpanel">
    <p>Example 2 content goes here</p>
</div>

<div aria-labelledby="tab-example-3" class="tab-panel hidden" id="example-3" role="tabpanel">
    <p>Example 3 content goes here</p>
</div>

ul.tabs-list {
	margin-left: 2px;
	margin-right: 2px;
	padding: 0px;
	list-style: none;
	position: relative;
    line-height: 8pt;
}

ul.tabs-list:after
{
	position: absolute;
	content: "";
	width: 100%;
	bottom: 0;
	left: 0;
	border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}

ul.tabs-list li {
	color: #333;
	display: inline-block;
	padding: 10px 10px;
	cursor: pointer;
	position: relative;
	z-index: 0;
}

ul.tabs-list li.current {
	background: #fff;
	color: #d9232e;
	border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
	border-bottom: 0px solid white;
	border-left: 1px solid #ddd;
	border-right: 1px solid #ddd;
	z-index: 100;
}
 
ul.tabs-list li:hover {
	background: #c2c2c2;
	color: #000;
	display: inline-block;
	padding: 10px 10px;
	cursor: pointer;
	border: 1px solid transparent;
}

ul.tabs-list li.current:hover {
	background: #fff;
	color: #d9232e;
	margin-left: 0px;
	border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
	border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
	border-left: 1px solid #ddd;
	border-right: 1px solid #ddd;
	z-index: 2;
}

div.tab-panel {
	display: none;
	background: #ededed;
	padding: 15px;
	background-color: transparent;
}

div.tab-panel.current {
	display: inherit;
}

$(function(){
  var index = 0;
  var $tabs = $('li.tab');

  $tabs.bind(
  {
    // on keydown,
    // determine which tab to select
    keydown: function(ev){
      var LEFT_ARROW = 37;
      var UP_ARROW = 38;
      var RIGHT_ARROW = 39;
      var DOWN_ARROW = 40;

      var k = ev.which || ev.keyCode;

      // if the key pressed was an arrow key
      if (k >= LEFT_ARROW && k <= DOWN_ARROW){
        // move left one tab for left and up arrows
        if (k == LEFT_ARROW || k == UP_ARROW){
          if (index > 0) {
            index--;
          }
          // unless you are on the first tab,
          // in which case select the last tab.
          else {
            index = $tabs.length - 1;
          }
        }

        // move right one tab for right and down arrows
        else if (k == RIGHT_ARROW || k == DOWN_ARROW){
          if (index < ($tabs.length - 1)){
            index++;
          }
          // unless you're at the last tab,
          // in which case select the first one
          else {
            index = 0;
          }
        }

        // trigger a click event on the tab to move to
        $($tabs.get(index)).click();
        ev.preventDefault();
      }
    },

    // just make the clicked tab the selected one
    click: function(ev){
      index = $.inArray(this, $tabs.get());
      setFocus();
      ev.preventDefault();
    }
  });

  var setFocus = function(){
    // undo tab control selected state,
    // and make them not selectable with the tab key
    // (all tabs)
    $tabs.attr(
    {
      tabindex: '-1',
      'aria-selected': 'false'
    });

    // hide all tab panels.
    $('.tab-panel').removeClass('current');

    // make the selected tab the selected one, shift focus to it
    $($tabs.get(index)).attr(
    {
      tabindex: '0',
      'aria-selected': 'true'
    }).focus();

    // handle <li> current class (for coloring the tabs)
    $($tabs.get(index)).siblings().removeClass('current');
    $($tabs.get(index)).addClass('current');

    // add a current class also to the tab panel
    // controlled by the clicked tab
    $("#"+$($tabs.get(index)).attr('aria-controls')).addClass('current');
  };
});

I want to keep this short and sweet:

I used Macrium Reflect to clone a Windows 11 install from one bad SSD to a new one. I had to reinstall to repair the Windows install, but it's a done deal, but I feel burned by Macrium and want to find an alternative.

I was wondering if anybody had any leads on great cloning software for general use? I'm willing to pay money, and it can be online or offline software (in OS or via USB).

I have two drives, a 4TB and 1TB HDDI'm cloning to 4TB SSDs to have on newer devices, since these two are quite old and I got a deal on a pair of Crucial SSDs on Amazon (a brand/line I'm familiar with, they're good drives). These largely have games that aren't installed, legacy data old music rips I want access to, and currently active user profiles.

My goal: clone the partitions over to the new drives, pop them in with hopefully the same drive letters, and expand the partitions to use all free space and be done with it. Ideally I would also have tool I can recommend to others without concern, assuming they have basic computer literacy.

Will CloneZilla do this just fine? Is there anything better, proprietary or otherwise? Any idea how long this can be expected to take over Sata II (I've got a hotswap port I'll be cloning to outside my case, then popping it open to swap the drives).

Hi folks

Keeping in with the theme of people of Tildes are generally really good people (hopefully), I may have a gig early next year that I want a quote on for a network redesign. It's not massive at 3 sites of roughly 100 people per site, 2 sites are dark fibred together, a couple of IPSec routes between UK and USA. It's mostly building out IP subnets, correct router and firewall configs, vLANing up the sites correctly.

If anyone is interested or knows anyone, please reach out to me on this thread for a bit more info, we can take it from there.

Else, I'm going to reach out to some UK based tech companies for the work. You may ask "Why not do this yourself?" That would require planning and testing which I don't have enough time for; I'd rather a Pro designed, and implemented.

This is a recurring post to discuss programming or other technical projects that we've been working on. Tell us about one of your recent projects, either at work or personal projects. What's interesting about it? Are you having trouble with anything?

Hello folks

Recently we've been playing with Powershell and having to move on to graph to do all the fancy things we want to achieve. MS forced this when they suddenly decided the MSOnline module was retired and things stopped working.

We've built a great New Team with SharePoint and including folders script. One of the things we used to do with the PNP module is set folder permission on two of the folders in a new team, making them only accessible to Owners. How the devil does one achieve this with Graph?

Any pointers would be grand.

General Programming Q&A thread! Ask any questions about programming, answer the questions of other users, or post suggestions for future threads.

Don't forget to format your code using the triple backticks or tildes:

Here is my schema:

```sql
CREATE TABLE article_to_warehouse (
  article_id   INTEGER
, warehouse_id INTEGER
)
;
```

How do I add a `UNIQUE` constraint?

The end of the year is approaching fast and I still have some educational budget to spend. Therefore I would love to hear your suggestions for educational resources to spend some money on.

I'm open for all suggestions, but I would love to dive more into low level programming. I spend most of my work time as a backend dev. And it is nice for a change to something else than REST-endpoints.
At the beginning of the year, I bought the amazing Crafting Interpreters by Robert Nystrom and I'm enjoying tremendously.

So any recommendations going into the same direction or similar deep dives into topics like OS-dev, Game dev/graphics (tiny renderer comes to my mind) or writing emulators would be appreciated.

To get the discussion started, my top recommendation for his year would be Crafting Interpreters by Robert Nystrom.
If you are interested in the inner workings of interpreter and compilers and want a nice "program-along" book get it. I would recommend the paper-version, it is a beautiful book.

This is a recurring post to discuss programming or other technical projects that we've been working on. Tell us about one of your recent projects, either at work or personal projects. What's interesting about it? Are you having trouble with anything?

I am asking as I have just created one. I won't advertise it here, as it feels not in good faith and I don't think Tildes is the right audience (I imagine most of the techies here are probably fairly seasoned).

I want to offer some kind of programming tuition to people at a good rate (read: affordable to those that might be on a low income but wish to learn). I am doing this to raise money for my local cardiology ward, who have just been told there isn't enough in the budget to cover their Christmas party this year. Morale is low there, and I'd like to help cover the deficit.

How would you structure something like this?

Initially, I have written that I have no set fee and am happy to offer services on case-by-case basis (words to that effect). But in a discussion with a friend, they suggested I should do something like:

• Small donation (£1 - £25): Access to a chatroom (Discord?) where someone can ask questions, and I'll strive to answer and help them as fast as possible)
• Medium donation (£25 - £50): I will arrange a group session where I cover some basic programming concepts and host a Q&A at the end to help bridge any gaps in understanding.
• Large donation (£50+): I will arrange a one-to-one session (via call, video or instant messaging) where I will help go more in-depth on a topic or help debug a specific problem.

If anyone has any experience with this type of thing, I'd appreciate any advice. I have only been a professional software developer for three years, so I am reasonably experienced, but not exactly an industry veteran. I want to set realistic expectations for this service.

I'm happy to share a link to the open collective via private message if anyone wants to have a look over it and offer any advice.

This is a recurring post to discuss programming or other technical projects that we've been working on. Tell us about one of your recent projects, either at work or personal projects. What's interesting about it? Are you having trouble with anything?

I'm looking to get a new laptop for when I want to go work at a coffee shop or something.

I have seen the Framework laptops and like the idea of a modular computer you can upgrade or repair.

I'm a little hesitant though. The last laptop I tried was to buy a Pinebook a year or two ago. I got it, turned it on once and it worked fine, but then after that it would just get a black screen when I powered it on. Some posts online indicated that it might be because the memory card wasn't seated properly and it might fix the problem to reseat it. But the tiny screws on the bottom were really tight and I ended up stripping one of them while trying to open it up, so now I just have a laptop I've used once collecting dust.

I want to make sure I have an easier experience with my next computer. Can anyone attest to the reliability of the Framework 13?

General Programming Q&A thread! Ask any questions about programming, answer the questions of other users, or post suggestions for future threads.

Don't forget to format your code using the triple backticks or tildes:

Here is my schema:

```sql
CREATE TABLE article_to_warehouse (
  article_id   INTEGER
, warehouse_id INTEGER
)
;
```

How do I add a `UNIQUE` constraint?

I'm a technical writer. My company sells DevOps software mostly operated on the command line. I'm responsible for explaining this software via HTML5 documentation on our website.

One of our largest customers employs at least one software developer who is "totally blind" and requires a screen reader to work. I assume others exist, but they have not contacted us. Unfortunately, our website is not 100% ADA-compliant. It's far from the worst I've seen, but it could be a lot better.

I'm familiar with high-level web accessibility paradigms and am currently doing an informal audit of our website to determine what we need to improve to make it fully ADA-compliant. I've prioritized discovery for accessibility concerns in our next sprint. Eventually, I'd like to look into hiring a consultant to do a more robust analysis, but only if necessary because I'd need to request funding. Unfortunately, I have limited control over the text that displays in our product, just the documentation. Long-term, I'd like to collaborate with the product team to ensure our CLI is fully ADA-compliant.

I've begun reading web accessibility materials from the government. In the meantime, I wanted to ask: are any of you blind or low-vision, or have you used screen readers in the past? Or do you know any blind/low-vision devs? Either way, can you provide any personal insight into any of the things I can do as a technical writer to improve the usability of software documentation for the purpose of enabling you to do your job? My goal is to make the documentation experience great for screen reader users, not just OK.

This is a recurring post to discuss programming or other technical projects that we've been working on. Tell us about one of your recent projects, either at work or personal projects. What's interesting about it? Are you having trouble with anything?

I'm seeing a lot of news in my feed about Qualcomm chips approaching laptop performance, such as

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2023/10/qualcomm-snapdragon-x-elite-looks-like-the-windows-worlds-answer-to-apple-silicon/

https://www.anandtech.com/show/21105/qualcomm-previews-snapdragon-x-elite-soc-oryon-cpu-starts-in-laptops-

https://www.theregister.com/2023/10/24/qualcomm_x_elite/

Will this turn out any better than the last few times Microsoft tried to break away from Intel? Would you want such a laptop? Will it wake Intel out of its complacency?

This is a recurring post to discuss programming or other technical projects that we've been working on. Tell us about one of your recent projects, either at work or personal projects. What's interesting about it? Are you having trouble with anything?