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6 votes
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Brainless jellyfish demonstrate learning ability
Veronique Greenwood In the dappled sunlit waters of Caribbean mangrove forests, tiny box jellyfish bob in and out of the shade. Box jellies are distinguished from true jellyfish in part by their...
Veronique Greenwood
In the dappled sunlit waters of Caribbean mangrove forests, tiny box jellyfish bob in and out of the shade. Box jellies are distinguished from true jellyfish in part by their complex visual system — the grape-size predators have 24 eyes. But like other jellyfish, they are brainless, controlling their cube-shaped bodies with a distributed network of neurons.
tap/click to know more...
That network, it turns out, is more sophisticated than you might assume. On Friday, researchers published a report in the journal Current Biology indicating that the box jellyfish species Tripedalia cystophora have the ability to learn. Because box jellyfish diverged from our part of the animal kingdom long ago, understanding their cognitive abilities could help scientists trace the evolution of learning.
The tricky part about studying learning in box jellies was finding an everyday behavior that scientists could train the creatures to perform in the lab.
- Roots of mangroves
Anders Garm, a biologist at the University of Copenhagen and an author of the new paper, said his team decided to focus on a swift about-face that box jellies execute when they are about to hit a mangrove root. These roots rise through the water like black towers, while the water around them appears pale by comparison. But the contrast between the two can change from day to day, as silt clouds the water and makes it more difficult to tell how far away a root is. How do box jellies tell when they are getting too close?
“The hypothesis was, they need to learn this,” Garm said. “When they come back to these habitats, they have to learn, how is today’s water quality? How is the contrast changing today?”
- Setup
In the lab, researchers produced images of alternating dark and light stripes, representing the mangrove roots and water, and used them to line the insides of buckets about six inches wide. When the stripes were a stark black and white, representing optimum water clarity, box jellies never got close to the bucket walls. With less contrast between the stripes, however, box jellies immediately began to run into them. This was the scientists’ chance to see if they would learn.
After a handful of collisions, the box jellies changed their behavior. Less than eight minutes after arriving in the bucket, they were swimming 50% farther from the pattern on the walls, and they had nearly quadrupled the number of times they performed their about-face maneuver. They seemed to have made a connection between the stripes ahead of them and the sensation of collision.
- “It’s amazing to see how fast they learn,”
Going further, researchers removed visual neurons from the box jellyfish and studied them in a dish. The cells were shown striped images while receiving a small electrical pulse to represent collision. Within about five minutes, the cells started sending the signal that would cause a whole box jellyfish to turn around.
“It’s amazing to see how fast they learn,” said Jan Bielecki, a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute of Physiology at Kiel University in Germany, also an author of the paper.
Researchers who were not involved in the study called the results a significant step forward in understanding the origins of learning. “This is only the third time that associative learning has been convincingly demonstrated in cnidarians,” a group that includes sea anemones, hydras and jellyfish, said Ken Cheng, a professor at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, who studies the animals. “And this is the coolest demonstration, replete with physiological data.”
The results also suggest that box jellyfish possess some level of short-term memory, because they can change their behavior based on past experience, said Michael Abrams, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, who studies the neuroscience of jellyfish sleep. He wonders how long the box jellies remember what they’ve learned. If they are taken out of the tank for an hour and then returned to it, do they have to learn what to do all over again?
Future work
In future work, researchers hope to identify which specific cells control the box jellyfish’s ability to learn from experience. Garm and his colleagues are curious about the molecular changes that happen in these cells as the animals incorporate new information into their behavior.
They wonder, too, whether the capacity to learn is universal among nerve cells, regardless of whether they are part of a brain. It might explain their peculiar persistence in the tree of life.
“There are organ systems popping up and going away all the time,” Garm said. “But nervous systems — once they are there, they very rarely go away again.”
Perhaps the ability to learn is one reason they are still here.
Seattle Times - Link to the article
9 votes -
I’m designing a Pokemon-inspired piano ed. book for kids 6-10, and looking for testers
This book uses cartoon mascots assigned to three areas of music training on the keyboard: dexterity skills, reading/writing/listening, and repertoire performance. Each mascot starts off as a cute...
This book uses cartoon mascots assigned to three areas of music training on the keyboard: dexterity skills, reading/writing/listening, and repertoire performance.
Each mascot starts off as a cute lil’ dude and evolves into huge powerful creatures as the child “levels up.” My ultimate vision is a book or book series that utilizes the mascots in figurine form for prize-incentives and mascot videos to offer help and guidance for individual activities.
The first prototype will only feature the books, and I expect to finish it in the next 1-2 months.
I was hoping to get a list of potentially interested parties that would beta-test the book without cost in exchange for feedback/testimonial.
If you’re interested, please send a message through my website— https://alexgoodhart.com/lessons (you won’t see any mention of the book there, but can send your contact info through the inquiry form).
If you’ve any thoughts to share here I’m all ears! Thank you — Alex
18 votes -
University of Eastern Finland has received more funding from the Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland to continue the Karelian language revitalization project
8 votes -
Just intonation keyboard – play music without knowing music
43 votes -
FedFingerprinting: A federated learning approach to website fingerprinting attacks in Tor networks
6 votes -
Teaching myself calculus at sixty-five
24 votes -
Icono: A universal language that shows what it says
25 votes -
The reshuffling of neurons during fruit fly metamorphosis suggests that larval memories don’t persist in adults
27 votes -
This no-frills UK college helps students get a degree quickly, simply and affordably
15 votes -
Parenting anxieties: Contexualising WW2 for a nine year old
OK, so I have a very nerdy, mildly ADHD 9 year old boy who has been fascinated with WW2 for ages. All this started with him getting obsessed with the Titanic when he was about 4, which then led us...
OK, so I have a very nerdy, mildly ADHD 9 year old boy who has been fascinated with WW2 for ages. All this started with him getting obsessed with the Titanic when he was about 4, which then led us to look at some old Nat Geo magazines about Robert Ballard's oceanographic expeditions which then led him to get fascinated with the German battleship Bismarck and Operation Rheinubung. The drama of big gun battleships got him in the feels and in the five years since then he has been deeply into naval stuff, particularly WW2 naval combat ever since. Musically this got him into Sabaton and their WW1/2 related metal songs. He actually sat down and watched the 1960s black and white Sink the Bismarck on YouTube, along with stuff like Midway (the version from a few years back). He thinks aircraft carriers are cool and ate up both Top Gun movies and is now getting into submarines (loved The Hunt for Red October) but wistfully repeatedly tries to reason me into agreeing that navies should have stuck with big gun battleships.
However, this has manifested as a deep fascination with Germany in general- he knows the basics about fascism, the Holocaust and Wehrmacht atrocities (but still can't quite get why it happened) but to a small boy I understand the OMG WUNDERWAFFEN attraction. Coincidentally his best friend is an ethnically German girl which further gets him a bit confused because he can't quite grok the difference between "my friend is German, I think German engineering is cool" and "but we still condemn fascism".
To be clear- he understands why racism and prejudice are wrong. As an ethnic minority in our country I suspect he'll come into contact with racial prejudice sooner rather than later so hopefully life experience will lead him away from the alt-right bits of history nerdery.We're in Singapore, which means there's very little consciousness of the Holocaust in public education- our history syllabus (fairly enough) deals with the Pacific War and its effects on postwar decolonisation when it touches on WW2 whereas the European theatre is just vague background.
I don't know where I'm going with this, really- I like that my son is a history buff, and I don't want to cut him off from intellectual interests he's passionate about but on the other hand I'm wondering how I can let him enjoy this while contextualising it from a progressive perspective.
41 votes -
Duolingo alternatives for learning Ukrainian
Hello! Привіт! Pryvit! I started learning Ukrainian on Duolingo in February 2022 following Russia's attacks. It was my first time attempting to learn a language for 10+ years and it just clicked....
Hello! Привіт! Pryvit!
I started learning Ukrainian on Duolingo in February 2022 following Russia's attacks. It was my first time attempting to learn a language for 10+ years and it just clicked. I grew to love the language, became entranced with the culture, and had desires to keep learning. Prior to Duolingo's redesign, I had a year+ streak and made it fairly far in the course.
The redesign has absolutely killed that passion. Maybe it's just the Ukrainian course, but it felt like I was going in circles and not really progressing as I once had. I've shelved my learning for a few months, but I really desire an alternative to Duolingo. Unfortunately, there's not many options that offer Ukrainian and I want to ensure I am learning the language as intended. I've read into how Russian influences have attempted to modify the language and I desire to learn the form that Ukrainian's would use.
I'm not quite at a level to learn from books or more static resources, and would prefer the interactivity of an app to help get me to that comfort level again. I've tried Pimsleur and wasn't as much of a fan of their format that reminded me of language tapes. One of the things I enjoyed with Duolingo was the verbal parts of it that helped with my pronunciation, and Pimsleur didn't appear to offer that.
Any recommendations would be greatly appreciated! I have seen old posts referring to a SubStack and other resources, but at this time I need a refresher before I feel comfortable diving into those. I would love to incorporate learning a little bit of Ukrainian everyday again! Слава Україні!
19 votes -
Place to learn Japanese
So,this has been on my mind for a long time and i have tried some available/widely known methods to learn japanese language.So far iam not satisfied with my results.Can someone suggest me some...
So,this has been on my mind for a long time and i have tried some available/widely known methods to learn japanese language.So far iam not satisfied with my results.Can someone suggest me some ways that worked for them preferably for free/cheap.The main problem is the letters or characters.i can comprehend and manage to speak a very basic levels of the language mainly from consuming media from japan,some duolingo and such.....
any and all advice is appreciated
Help me out guys36 votes -
Looking for suggestions on new piano pieces to learn
I've recently started teaching myself piano again after a long hiatus. I started by picking back up a piece I half-remembered from years ago -- Chopin's Nocturne in E Minor, Op. 72 No. 1 -- and...
I've recently started teaching myself piano again after a long hiatus. I started by picking back up a piece I half-remembered from years ago -- Chopin's Nocturne in E Minor, Op. 72 No. 1 -- and about the first half of it feels right for my current skill level (basically everything up until all the RH 16th note runs start). While that's going great so far, I no longer have a piano teacher to recommend me new pieces beyond just this one, and I'm not entirely sure where to look myself to find things that are interesting without being too technically challenging. Would love a few recommendations from any pianists on here, either for specific pieces to look into and/or for good ways to find suitable pieces more broadly!
15 votes -
How did you learn to cook?
How did you learn to cook? Who taught you? What factors were important? Looking back, what do you think could have been better? Or, if you're learning to cook: how is it going? What are you...
How did you learn to cook? Who taught you? What factors were important? Looking back, what do you think could have been better?
Or, if you're learning to cook: how is it going? What are you finding tricky? Is it easy to find teaching resources?
46 votes -
White guy speaks perfect Japanese from watching anime. Here's how he did it.
18 votes -
Study tips, efficient use of learning resources, tools
I think many of us are students, or just like self-learning some topics for themselves, perhaps their work requires studying — I think it might be interesting to collect a few tips we have...
I think many of us are students, or just like self-learning some topics for themselves, perhaps their work requires studying — I think it might be interesting to collect a few tips we have experience with on how to do it efficiently.
I would start with probably one of the best tools in this category that I think are still underutilized by many: spaced-repetition software. Perhaps more people might be familiar with the concept from language learning with word cards, but the base idea is that reinforcing some knowledge at increasing intervals will effectively make you remember it ’forever’. A final selling point on this topic: it only requires 10 minutes out of your entire life to remember a fact for basically forever with instant recall - that’s a very good use of one’s time in my opinion. For more information on it here is a great article.
(It’s talking about Anki, a notable spaced repetition program that is free and open-source (the ios client is paid though, as this is the only income source of the maintainer, but you could just use the web interface as well. Not affiliated))20 votes -
Resources for learning to make music
I know the topic is very generic, but post any resources that helped you to learn making music, be it learning playing instruments or mixing. For me, justinguitar.com helped in learning guitar...
I know the topic is very generic, but post any resources that helped you to learn making music, be it learning playing instruments or mixing.
For me, justinguitar.com helped in learning guitar from scratch. Lessons are spread out pretty well to not make very big jumps in complexity, and I love Justin's presenting.
12 votes -
The Initial Teaching Alphabet (ITA)
6 votes -
The next chapter for Learning on YouTube
7 votes -
Finnish as a world language
13 votes -
Language learning thread #3 - Share your progress, tips and questions
Previously, on Tildes Bit late but I think monthly maybe from now on?
7 votes -
Is it possible to learn multiple languages at once?
6 votes -
How the French Foreign Legion learns languages fast
9 votes -
Interlinear Books: Learn between the lines (Subtitled books)
11 votes -
Language learning thread #2 - Share your progress, tips and questions
As I couldn't decide whether these types of threads should be monthly or semiweekly, I today cut the baby in two by posting this one three weeks after the first issue.
7 votes -
Thoughts on learning languages
9 votes -
Reading to improve language skills? Focus on fiction rather than non-fiction
6 votes -
A homework task prompts kids to reflect deeply on learning, and its limits
6 votes -
How Mormon missionaries learn new languages in 6-9 weeks
7 votes -
Accused of cheating by an algorithm, and a Professor she had never met. An unsettling glimpse at the digitization of education.
17 votes -
My college students are not ok
23 votes -
Schools offering “Finnish education” are emerging across Indian cities – activity-based learning over textbook-based, test-oriented education
9 votes -
The economics of Seinfeld
5 votes -
Duolingo on Ukrainian and Russian: How do these languages differ?
19 votes -
Why the depth year was my best year
4 votes -
The English language rules we know – but don’t know we know
17 votes -
What did you learn in 2021?
I really want to keep the question as broad and open-ended as possible and don't have much to add. Title.
11 votes -
What Arduino-like kit do you recommend to get started with children?
Hi Tildes, I'm looking to introduce my children (aged 10 or so) to simple electronics (blinking lights, simple sensors, ...). I've played with Arduino in the past, but I see that there are now...
Hi Tildes,
I'm looking to introduce my children (aged 10 or so) to simple electronics (blinking lights, simple sensors, ...). I've played with Arduino in the past, but I see that there are now many competing options: Arduino, cheap rip-offs, RPi zero, adafruit, ESP32, ... It's easy to get lost!
Which do you recommend? Ideally, I'd like something cross-platform and open-source, easy to set up (ideally a kit with everything included), and of course not insanely expensive.
Edit: thanks everyone for the good advice! There are so many good options...
12 votes -
ArtStation Learning to remain free for all
4 votes -
I can't ride a bike. How fast can Mike Boyd teach me?
11 votes -
Music and Connection -- Yo-Yo Ma
4 votes -
RIP Cure Dolly, YouTube Japanese teacher
3 votes -
Why do multiple meanings of words so often map across languages
The English word 'crane' means a large bird or a giant lever-thing for moving heavy stuff. The Hungarian word 'daru' means both of the same things. English and Hungarian are about as unrelated as...
The English word 'crane' means a large bird or a giant lever-thing for moving heavy stuff. The Hungarian word 'daru' means both of the same things.
English and Hungarian are about as unrelated as languages get ... and yet, I keep bumping into parallels like that.
Thoughts, anyone?
14 votes -
What's the best way to learn piano without an in-person teacher?
I recently bought a keyboard and am going to dedicate 30 minutes a day to practicing piano. My goal is to be able to play my favorite songs (jazz & indie mainly), improvise, and generally be...
I recently bought a keyboard and am going to dedicate 30 minutes a day to practicing piano. My goal is to be able to play my favorite songs (jazz & indie mainly), improvise, and generally be competent.
I also want to learn how to sightread, so I've been using https://sightreading.training which has been really useful! I have a background in music (guitar, mostly) and know music theory as well.
Unfortunately due to COVID, Delta, etc, I am not really interested in in-person lessons at the moment, so I was wondering if any tilde users had advice about learning to play through resources online or books!
I'm also really interested in any tips that anyone may have!
14 votes -
You are not a visual learner: The biggest myth in education
15 votes -
Tower of Babble: Non-native speakers navigate the world of 'good' and 'bad' English
4 votes -
Emma describes how she got over her fear of needles to have the covid-19 vaccination
6 votes -
Duolingo ends its volunteer Contributor program
7 votes -
Short interview with a vaccinator about an accessible vaccination clinic
6 votes